As the Opium War unfolded in Guangdong Province, the painter Su Renshan exploded onto the art scene with a bold, paradigm-turning new voice. Yeewan Koon’s new book, A Defiant Brush, takes a fresh look at this nderappreciated artist in the context of a nascent Chinese modernism. In 1839, Guangzhou had shifted from a cosmopolitan trading center with a diverse art world into a place of violence. During the following decade, one voice of discontent and defiance rang out above all others: Su Renshan. His provocative, uncompromising and sometimes ugly paintings berate Confucius for his hypocrisy. He turns his brush trace into graphic lines that mimic the printed page, and he depicts women as alternative exemplars of a moral intelligentsia. It is believed that his outspokenness prompted his father to place him in prison for filial impiety, where he probably painted his last artwork. During this turbulent period of incipient modernity, close readings of Su Renshan’s paintings within the rich contextual history of art in Guangdong Province reveal how the trauma of war prompted a re-evaluation of social and political values, and indeed the moral responsibility of a scholar-artist.