When India became independent in 1947 after two centuries of colonial rule, it immediately adopted a firmly democratic political system, with multiple parties, freedom of speech, and extensive political rights. The famines of the British era disappeared, and steady economic growth replaced the economic stagnation of the Raj. The growth of the Indian economy quickened further over the last three decades and became the second fastest among large economies. Despite a recent dip, it is still one of the highest in the world.

Maintaining rapid as well as environmentally sustainable growth remains an important and achievable goal for India. In An Uncertain Glory, two of India's leading economists argue that the country's main problems lie in the lack of attention paid to the essential needs of the people, especially of the poor, and often of women. There have been major failures both to foster participatory growth and to make good use of the public resources generated by economic growth to enhance people's living conditions. There is also a continued inadequacy of social services such as schooling and medical care as well as of physical services such as safe water, electricity, drainage, transportation, and sanitation. In the long run, even the feasibility of high economic growth is threatened by the underdevelopment of social and physical infrastructure and the neglect of human capabilities, in contrast with the Asian approach of simultaneous pursuit of economic growth and human development, as pioneered by Japan, South Korea, and China.

In a democratic system, which India has great reason to value, addressing these failures requires not only significant policy rethinking by the government, but also a clearer public understanding of the abysmal extent of social and economic deprivations in the country. The deep inequalities in Indian society tend to constrict public discussion, confining it largely to the lives and concerns of the relatively affluent. Drèze and Sen present a powerful analysis of these deprivations and inequalities as well as the possibility of change through democratic practice.

阿马蒂亚•森（Amartya Sen），1998年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者。森1933年生于印度。1953年森在印度完成大学学业后赴剑桥大学就读，1959年取得博士学位。森曾执教于伦敦经济学院、牛津大学、哈佛大学等著名学府，现任剑桥大学三一学院院长。

森的突出贡献表现在五个领域，分别是：社会选择理论、个人自由与帕累托最优的关系、福利与贫困指数衡量、饥荒问题与权利分配不均的关系以及道德哲学。

森的学术思想继承了从亚里士多德到亚当•斯密等古典思想家的遗产。他深切关注全世界各地遭受苦难的人们，被誉为“经济学良心的肩负者”、“穷人的经济学家”。森的思想已经产生了重大影响，联合国发布的《人类发展报告》就是按照他的理论框架设计的。1972年的诺贝尔经济学奖得主肯尼思•阿罗认为，“在社会选择、福利经济学基础理论、更广泛的分配伦理学以及与这些领域相关的测量问题上，森是一位无可怀疑的大师。”

让•德雷兹（Jean Dreze）从1979年起在印度生活，2002年成为印度公民。他曾任教于伦敦经济学院和德里经济学院，现在是阿拉哈巴德大学的客座教授。他与阿马蒂亚•森合著了《饥饿与公共行为》（Hunger and Public Action）和《印度：发展和参与》（India : Development and Participation），他还是《印度基础教育公报》（Public Report on Basic Education in India）的作者之一。